chap3

bac2/modalDev/tp1/.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#
+# https://help.github.com/articles/dealing-with-line-endings/
+#
+# Linux start script should use lf
+/gradlew        text eol=lf
+
+# These are Windows script files and should use crlf
+*.bat           text eol=crlf
+

bac2/modalDev/tp1/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Ignore Gradle project-specific cache directory
+.gradle
+
+# Ignore Gradle build output directory
+build

bac2/modalDev/tp1/.project

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<projectDescription>
+	<name>tp1</name>
+	<comment>Project tp1 created by Buildship.</comment>
+	<projects>
+	</projects>
+	<buildSpec>
+		<buildCommand>
+			<name>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectbuilder</name>
+			<arguments>
+			</arguments>
+		</buildCommand>
+	</buildSpec>
+	<natures>
+		<nature>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectnature</nature>
+	</natures>
+	<filteredResources>
+		<filter>
+			<id>1701330804548</id>
+			<name></name>
+			<type>30</type>
+			<matcher>
+				<id>org.eclipse.core.resources.regexFilterMatcher</id>
+				<arguments>node_modules|\.git|__CREATED_BY_JAVA_LANGUAGE_SERVER__</arguments>
+			</matcher>
+		</filter>
+	</filteredResources>
+</projectDescription>

bac2/modalDev/tp1/.settings/org.eclipse.buildship.core.prefs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+arguments=--init-script /home/tonitch/.dotfiles/vim/.vim/bundle/YouCompleteMe/third_party/ycmd/third_party/eclipse.jdt.ls/workspace/config_linux/org.eclipse.osgi/51/0/.cp/gradle/init/init.gradle
+auto.sync=false
+build.scans.enabled=false
+connection.gradle.distribution=GRADLE_DISTRIBUTION(WRAPPER)
+connection.project.dir=app
+eclipse.preferences.version=1
+gradle.user.home=
+java.home=/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk
+jvm.arguments=
+offline.mode=false
+override.workspace.settings=true
+show.console.view=true
+show.executions.view=true

bac2/modalDev/tp1/answer.md

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# TP's Answer 
+
+## Exercice 2.1
+
+1)
+    test1) ❎ devrais fail car $ E1 \neq E2 $
+    test2) ✅
+    test3) ❎ shoud throw an error (no real number)
+
+2-4) dans fichiers
+
+## Exercice 2.2

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/.classpath

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<classpath>
+	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/main" path="src/main/java">
+		<attributes>
+			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="main"/>
+			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="main,test"/>
+		</attributes>
+	</classpathentry>
+	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/main" path="src/main/resources">
+		<attributes>
+			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="main"/>
+			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="main,test"/>
+		</attributes>
+	</classpathentry>
+	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/test" path="src/test/java">
+		<attributes>
+			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="test"/>
+			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="test"/>
+			<attribute name="test" value="true"/>
+		</attributes>
+	</classpathentry>
+	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/test" path="src/test/resources">
+		<attributes>
+			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="test"/>
+			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="test"/>
+			<attribute name="test" value="true"/>
+		</attributes>
+	</classpathentry>
+	<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.jdt.launching.JRE_CONTAINER/org.eclipse.jdt.internal.debug.ui.launcher.StandardVMType/JavaSE-17/"/>
+	<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleclasspathcontainer"/>
+	<classpathentry kind="output" path="bin/default"/>
+</classpath>

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/.project

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<projectDescription>
+	<name>app</name>
+	<comment>Project app created by Buildship.</comment>
+	<projects>
+	</projects>
+	<buildSpec>
+		<buildCommand>
+			<name>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javabuilder</name>
+			<arguments>
+			</arguments>
+		</buildCommand>
+		<buildCommand>
+			<name>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectbuilder</name>
+			<arguments>
+			</arguments>
+		</buildCommand>
+	</buildSpec>
+	<natures>
+		<nature>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javanature</nature>
+		<nature>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectnature</nature>
+	</natures>
+	<filteredResources>
+		<filter>
+			<id>1701330804524</id>
+			<name></name>
+			<type>30</type>
+			<matcher>
+				<id>org.eclipse.core.resources.regexFilterMatcher</id>
+				<arguments>node_modules|\.git|__CREATED_BY_JAVA_LANGUAGE_SERVER__</arguments>
+			</matcher>
+		</filter>
+	</filteredResources>
+</projectDescription>

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/.settings/org.eclipse.buildship.core.prefs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+arguments=
+auto.sync=false
+build.scans.enabled=false
+connection.gradle.distribution=GRADLE_DISTRIBUTION(WRAPPER)
+connection.project.dir=
+eclipse.preferences.version=1
+gradle.user.home=
+java.home=
+jvm.arguments=
+offline.mode=false
+override.workspace.settings=false
+show.console.view=false
+show.executions.view=false

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/bin/test/tp1/ex2_1/SolveEquationTest.java.orig

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package tp1.ex2_1;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Suite de tests pour vérifier la méthode sqrt dans la classe Sqrt
+ */
+public class SolveEquationTest {
+    @Test
+    public void test1() {
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(1.0, -2.0, -3.0);
+        assertEquals(se.getNbSolutions(), 2);
+        assertTrue(se.getSolutions().getE1()
+                .equals(se.getSolutions().getE2()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void test2() {
+        double epsilon = 0.0001;
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+        assertEquals(se.getSolutions().getE1(),
+                se.getSolutions().getE2(), epsilon);
+        assertEquals(se.getNbSolutions(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void test3() {
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(5.0, 0.0, 3.0);
+        assertEquals(se.getSolutions().getE1(), se.getSolutions().getE2());
+    }
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * This file was generated by the Gradle 'init' task.
+ *
+ * This generated file contains a sample Java application project to get you started.
+ * For more details on building Java & JVM projects, please refer to https://docs.gradle.org/8.4/userguide/building_java_projects.html in the Gradle documentation.
+ */
+
+plugins {
+    // Apply the application plugin to add support for building a CLI application in Java.
+    application
+}
+
+repositories {
+    // Use Maven Central for resolving dependencies.
+    mavenCentral()
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    // Use JUnit Jupiter for testing.
+    testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.9.3")
+
+    testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher")
+
+    // This dependency is used by the application.
+    implementation("com.google.guava:guava:32.1.1-jre")
+
+    implementation("org.mockito:mockito-core:5.7.0")
+}
+
+// Apply a specific Java toolchain to ease working on different environments.
+java {
+    toolchain {
+        languageVersion.set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(17))
+    }
+}
+
+application {
+    // Define the main class for the application.
+    mainClass.set("tp1.App")
+}
+
+tasks.named<Test>("test") {
+    // Use JUnit Platform for unit tests.
+    useJUnitPlatform()
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/main/java/tp1/App.java

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/*
+ * This Java source file was generated by the Gradle 'init' task.
+ */
+package tp1;
+
+public class App {
+    // for the sake of showing an example of testing
+    public String getGreeting() {
+        return "Hello World!";
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println(new App().getGreeting());
+    }
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/main/java/tp1/ex2_1/Pair.java

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package tp1.ex2_1;
+
+public class Pair<T> {
+    private T e1, e2;
+
+    public Pair(T e1, T e2) {
+        this.e1 = e1;
+        this.e2 = e2;
+    }
+
+    public T getE1() {
+        return e1;
+    }
+
+    public T getE2() {
+        return e2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj instanceof Pair) {
+            Pair<?> p = (Pair<?>) obj;
+            return e1.equals(p.e1) && e2.equals(p.e2);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/main/java/tp1/ex2_1/SolveEquation.java

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package tp1.ex2_1;
+
+public class SolveEquation {
+    private double a, b, c;
+
+    public SolveEquation(double a, double b, double c) {
+        this.a = a;
+        this.b = b;
+        this.c = c;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Gives the number of solutions of the equation .
+     * 
+     * @return the number of solution .
+     * 
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if there
+     * is an infinite number of solutions .
+     */
+    public int getNbSolutions() throws ArithmeticException {
+        double delta = b * b - 4 * a * c;
+        if (delta < 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("No real solution");
+        else if (delta == 0)
+            return 1;
+        else
+            return 2;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * * Gives the equation ’s solutions for x .
+     * 
+     * @return the 2 solutions of the equation . If there is
+     * only 1 solution , the 2 members of the pair are equal .
+     * 
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if there is no real
+     * solution for x , or if there is an infinite number
+     * of solutions .
+     */
+    public Pair<Double> getSolutions() throws ArithmeticException {
+        double delta = b * b - 4 * a * c;
+        if (delta < 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("No real solution");
+        else if (delta == 0) {
+            double x = -b / (2 * a);
+            return new Pair<Double>(x, x);
+        }
+        else
+            return new Pair<Double>(
+                (-b - Math.sqrt(delta)) / (2 * a), 
+                (-b + Math.sqrt(delta)) / (2 * a));
+    }
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/main/java/tp1/ex2_2/Sqrt.java

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package tp1.ex2_2;
+
+import java.lang.Math;
+
+/**
+ * Calcule la racine carrée d'un nombre positif
+ */
+public class Sqrt
+{
+	public static final double EPSILON = 1e-8;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Cacule la racine carrée d'un nombre positif en utilisant la méhtode
+	 * de Newton.
+	 * Il s'agit de calculer la racine de l'équation x^2-b=0 avec b
+	 * le nombre dont on veut la racine carrée.
+	 * La méthode de Newton consiste à utiliser la formule suivante :
+	 * x_i = x_(i-1) - f(x_(i-1)) / f'(x_(i-1)).
+	 * @param val La valeur dont on cherche la racine carrée (val >= 0)
+	 * @return La racine carrée de val avec une précision de 1e-12.
+	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException Si val < 0
+	 */
+	public static double sqrt(double val) throws IllegalArgumentException
+	{
+		if(val < 0)
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("ne peut pas être négatif");
+		if(val == 0 || val == 1)
+			return val;
+
+		double curr = nextIteration(val, val);
+		while(Math.abs(val - Math.pow(curr, 2)) > EPSILON){
+			curr = nextIteration(val, curr);
+		}
+		return curr;
+	}
+
+	private static double nextIteration(double val, double curr){
+		return (curr + (val / curr))/2;
+	}
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/main/java/tp1/ex2_3/Fibonacci.java

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package tp1.ex2_3;
+
+public class Fibonacci {
+    public static int fibo(int n) throws IllegalArgumentException {
+        if (n < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        } else {
+            int f_n_1 = 1;
+            int f_n = 0;
+            int tmp;
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                tmp = f_n;
+                f_n = f_n + f_n_1;
+                f_n_1 = tmp;
+            }
+            return f_n;
+        }
+    }
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/test/java/tp1/AppTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/*
+ * This Java source file was generated by the Gradle 'init' task.
+ */
+package tp1;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+class AppTest {
+    @Test void appHasAGreeting() {
+        App classUnderTest = new App();
+        assertNotNull(classUnderTest.getGreeting(), "app should have a greeting");
+    }
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/test/java/tp1/ex2_1/SolveEquationTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package tp1.ex2_1;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Suite de tests pour vérifier la méthode sqrt dans la classe Sqrt
+ */
+public class SolveEquationTest {
+    @Test
+    public void test1() {
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(1.0, -2.0, -3.0);
+        assertEquals(se.getNbSolutions(), 2);
+        assertFalse(se.getSolutions().getE1()
+                .equals(se.getSolutions().getE2()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void test2() {
+        double epsilon = 0.0001;
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+        assertEquals(se.getSolutions().getE1(),
+                se.getSolutions().getE2(), epsilon);
+        assertEquals(se.getNbSolutions(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void test3() {
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(5.0, 0.0, 3.0);
+		assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> se.getSolutions(), "No real solution");
+    }
+	
+	@Test
+	public void test4(){
+		SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(3, 0, 0);
+		assertEquals(se.getNbSolutions(), 1);
+	}
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/test/java/tp1/ex2_1/SolveEquationTest.java.orig

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package tp1.ex2_1;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Suite de tests pour vérifier la méthode sqrt dans la classe Sqrt
+ */
+public class SolveEquationTest {
+    @Test
+    public void test1() {
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(1.0, -2.0, -3.0);
+        assertEquals(se.getNbSolutions(), 2);
+        assertTrue(se.getSolutions().getE1()
+                .equals(se.getSolutions().getE2()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void test2() {
+        double epsilon = 0.0001;
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+        assertEquals(se.getSolutions().getE1(),
+                se.getSolutions().getE2(), epsilon);
+        assertEquals(se.getNbSolutions(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void test3() {
+        SolveEquation se = new SolveEquation(5.0, 0.0, 3.0);
+        assertEquals(se.getSolutions().getE1(), se.getSolutions().getE2());
+    }
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/test/java/tp1/ex2_2/SqrtTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package tp1.ex2_2;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+import java.time.Duration;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+
+/**
+ * Suite de tests pour vérifier la méthode sqrt dans la classe Sqrt
+ */
+public class SqrtTest {
+	@Test
+	public void testSortie(){
+		assertTrue(Sqrt.sqrt(42) >= 0);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testprecision(){
+		assertEquals(Math.sqrt(16), Sqrt.sqrt(16), Sqrt.EPSILON);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testValidInput(){
+		double t1 = Sqrt.sqrt(0.4);
+		assertTrue(t1 > 0 && t1 < 1);
+
+		double t2 = Sqrt.sqrt(21);
+		assertTrue(t2 > 1);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testBorne(){
+		assertEquals(0, Sqrt.sqrt(0));
+		assertEquals(1, Sqrt.sqrt(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testBig(){
+		double val = assertTimeoutPreemptively(Duration.ofSeconds(1), () -> Sqrt.sqrt(1e16));
+		assertEquals(Math.sqrt(1e16), val, Sqrt.EPSILON);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testInvalid(){
+		assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Sqrt.sqrt(-42));
+	}
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/app/src/test/java/tp1/ex2_3/FibonacciTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package tp1.ex2_3;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+public class FibonacciTest {
+    @Test
+    void test1() {
+        assertEquals(2, Fibonacci.fibo(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test void test2() {
+        assertTrue(Fibonacci.fibo(-2) >= 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test void test3() {
+        assertTrue(Fibonacci.fibo(4) == 3);
+    }
+}

bac2/modalDev/tp1/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+distributionPath=wrapper/dists
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.4-bin.zip
+networkTimeout=10000
+validateDistributionUrl=true
+zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+zipStorePath=wrapper/dists

bac2/modalDev/tp1/gradlew

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+#
+# Copyright © 2015-2021 the original authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+#   Gradle start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
+#
+#   Important for running:
+#
+#   (1) You need a POSIX-compliant shell to run this script. If your /bin/sh is
+#       noncompliant, but you have some other compliant shell such as ksh or
+#       bash, then to run this script, type that shell name before the whole
+#       command line, like:
+#
+#           ksh Gradle
+#
+#       Busybox and similar reduced shells will NOT work, because this script
+#       requires all of these POSIX shell features:
+#         * functions;
+#         * expansions «$var», «${var}», «${var:-default}», «${var+SET}»,
+#           «${var#prefix}», «${var%suffix}», and «$( cmd )»;
+#         * compound commands having a testable exit status, especially «case»;
+#         * various built-in commands including «command», «set», and «ulimit».
+#
+#   Important for patching:
+#
+#   (2) This script targets any POSIX shell, so it avoids extensions provided
+#       by Bash, Ksh, etc; in particular arrays are avoided.
+#
+#       The "traditional" practice of packing multiple parameters into a
+#       space-separated string is a well documented source of bugs and security
+#       problems, so this is (mostly) avoided, by progressively accumulating
+#       options in "$@", and eventually passing that to Java.
+#
+#       Where the inherited environment variables (DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS,
+#       and GRADLE_OPTS) rely on word-splitting, this is performed explicitly;
+#       see the in-line comments for details.
+#
+#       There are tweaks for specific operating systems such as AIX, CygWin,
+#       Darwin, MinGW, and NonStop.
+#
+#   (3) This script is generated from the Groovy template
+#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/HEAD/subprojects/plugins/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
+#       within the Gradle project.
+#
+#       You can find Gradle at https://github.com/gradle/gradle/.
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+# Attempt to set APP_HOME
+
+# Resolve links: $0 may be a link
+app_path=$0
+
+# Need this for daisy-chained symlinks.
+while
+    APP_HOME=${app_path%"${app_path##*/}"}  # leaves a trailing /; empty if no leading path
+    [ -h "$app_path" ]
+do
+    ls=$( ls -ld "$app_path" )
+    link=${ls#*' -> '}
+    case $link in             #(
+      /*)   app_path=$link ;; #(
+      *)    app_path=$APP_HOME$link ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+# This is normally unused
+# shellcheck disable=SC2034
+APP_BASE_NAME=${0##*/}
+# Discard cd standard output in case $CDPATH is set (https://github.com/gradle/gradle/issues/25036)
+APP_HOME=$( cd "${APP_HOME:-./}" > /dev/null && pwd -P ) || exit
+
+# Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD != -1 to use that value.
+MAX_FD=maximum
+
+warn () {
+    echo "$*"
+} >&2
+
+die () {
+    echo
+    echo "$*"
+    echo
+    exit 1
+} >&2
+
+# OS specific support (must be 'true' or 'false').
+cygwin=false
+msys=false
+darwin=false
+nonstop=false
+case "$( uname )" in                #(
+  CYGWIN* )         cygwin=true  ;; #(
+  Darwin* )         darwin=true  ;; #(
+  MSYS* | MINGW* )  msys=true    ;; #(
+  NONSTOP* )        nonstop=true ;;
+esac
+
+CLASSPATH=$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
+
+
+# Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
+if [ -n "$JAVA_HOME" ] ; then
+    if [ -x "$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java" ] ; then
+        # IBM's JDK on AIX uses strange locations for the executables
+        JAVACMD=$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java
+    else
+        JAVACMD=$JAVA_HOME/bin/java
+    fi
+    if [ ! -x "$JAVACMD" ] ; then
+        die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: $JAVA_HOME
+
+Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+location of your Java installation."
+    fi
+else
+    JAVACMD=java
+    if ! command -v java >/dev/null 2>&1
+    then
+        die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+
+Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+location of your Java installation."
+    fi
+fi
+
+# Increase the maximum file descriptors if we can.
+if ! "$cygwin" && ! "$darwin" && ! "$nonstop" ; then
+    case $MAX_FD in #(
+      max*)
+        # In POSIX sh, ulimit -H is undefined. That's why the result is checked to see if it worked.
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2039,SC3045
+        MAX_FD=$( ulimit -H -n ) ||
+            warn "Could not query maximum file descriptor limit"
+    esac
+    case $MAX_FD in  #(
+      '' | soft) :;; #(
+      *)
+        # In POSIX sh, ulimit -n is undefined. That's why the result is checked to see if it worked.
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2039,SC3045
+        ulimit -n "$MAX_FD" ||
+            warn "Could not set maximum file descriptor limit to $MAX_FD"
+    esac
+fi
+
+# Collect all arguments for the java command, stacking in reverse order:
+#   * args from the command line
+#   * the main class name
+#   * -classpath
+#   * -D...appname settings
+#   * --module-path (only if needed)
+#   * DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS, and GRADLE_OPTS environment variables.
+
+# For Cygwin or MSYS, switch paths to Windows format before running java
+if "$cygwin" || "$msys" ; then
+    APP_HOME=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME" )
+    CLASSPATH=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH" )
+
+    JAVACMD=$( cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD" )
+
+    # Now convert the arguments - kludge to limit ourselves to /bin/sh
+    for arg do
+        if
+            case $arg in                                #(
+              -*)   false ;;                            # don't mess with options #(
+              /?*)  t=${arg#/} t=/${t%%/*}              # looks like a POSIX filepath
+                    [ -e "$t" ] ;;                      #(
+              *)    false ;;
+            esac
+        then
+            arg=$( cygpath --path --ignore --mixed "$arg" )
+        fi
+        # Roll the args list around exactly as many times as the number of
+        # args, so each arg winds up back in the position where it started, but
+        # possibly modified.
+        #
+        # NB: a `for` loop captures its iteration list before it begins, so
+        # changing the positional parameters here affects neither the number of
+        # iterations, nor the values presented in `arg`.
+        shift                   # remove old arg
+        set -- "$@" "$arg"      # push replacement arg
+    done
+fi
+
+
+# Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
+
+# Collect all arguments for the java command:
+#   * DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS, and optsEnvironmentVar are not allowed to contain shell fragments,
+#     and any embedded shellness will be escaped.
+#   * For example: A user cannot expect ${Hostname} to be expanded, as it is an environment variable and will be
+#     treated as '${Hostname}' itself on the command line.
+
+set -- \
+        "-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME" \
+        -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
+        org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain \
+        "$@"
+
+# Stop when "xargs" is not available.
+if ! command -v xargs >/dev/null 2>&1
+then
+    die "xargs is not available"
+fi
+
+# Use "xargs" to parse quoted args.
+#
+# With -n1 it outputs one arg per line, with the quotes and backslashes removed.
+#
+# In Bash we could simply go:
+#
+#   readarray ARGS < <( xargs -n1 <<<"$var" ) &&
+#   set -- "${ARGS[@]}" "$@"
+#
+# but POSIX shell has neither arrays nor command substitution, so instead we
+# post-process each arg (as a line of input to sed) to backslash-escape any
+# character that might be a shell metacharacter, then use eval to reverse
+# that process (while maintaining the separation between arguments), and wrap
+# the whole thing up as a single "set" statement.
+#
+# This will of course break if any of these variables contains a newline or
+# an unmatched quote.
+#
+
+eval "set -- $(
+        printf '%s\n' "$DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS $JAVA_OPTS $GRADLE_OPTS" |
+        xargs -n1 |
+        sed ' s~[^-[:alnum:]+,./:=@_]~\\&~g; ' |
+        tr '\n' ' '
+    )" '"$@"'
+
+exec "$JAVACMD" "$@"

bac2/modalDev/tp1/gradlew.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+@rem
+@rem Copyright 2015 the original author or authors.
+@rem
+@rem Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+@rem you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+@rem You may obtain a copy of the License at
+@rem
+@rem      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+@rem
+@rem Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+@rem distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+@rem WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+@rem See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+@rem limitations under the License.
+@rem
+
+@if "%DEBUG%"=="" @echo off
+@rem ##########################################################################
+@rem
+@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem
+@rem ##########################################################################
+
+@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
+if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal
+
+set DIRNAME=%~dp0
+if "%DIRNAME%"=="" set DIRNAME=.
+@rem This is normally unused
+set APP_BASE_NAME=%~n0
+set APP_HOME=%DIRNAME%
+
+@rem Resolve any "." and ".." in APP_HOME to make it shorter.
+for %%i in ("%APP_HOME%") do set APP_HOME=%%~fi
+
+@rem Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+set DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"
+
+@rem Find java.exe
+if defined JAVA_HOME goto findJavaFromJavaHome
+
+set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
+%JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
+if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto execute
+
+echo.
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+echo.
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+echo location of your Java installation.
+
+goto fail
+
+:findJavaFromJavaHome
+set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
+set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
+
+if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute
+
+echo.
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
+echo.
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+echo location of your Java installation.
+
+goto fail
+
+:execute
+@rem Setup the command line
+
+set CLASSPATH=%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar
+
+
+@rem Execute Gradle
+"%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain %*
+
+:end
+@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
+if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto mainEnd
+
+:fail
+rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of
+rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!
+set EXIT_CODE=%ERRORLEVEL%
+if %EXIT_CODE% equ 0 set EXIT_CODE=1
+if not ""=="%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit %EXIT_CODE%
+exit /b %EXIT_CODE%
+
+:mainEnd
+if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal
+
+:omega

bac2/modalDev/tp1/settings.gradle.kts

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/*
+ * This file was generated by the Gradle 'init' task.
+ *
+ * The settings file is used to specify which projects to include in your build.
+ * For more detailed information on multi-project builds, please refer to https://docs.gradle.org/8.4/userguide/building_swift_projects.html in the Gradle documentation.
+ */
+
+plugins {
+    // Apply the foojay-resolver plugin to allow automatic download of JDKs
+    id("org.gradle.toolchains.foojay-resolver-convention") version "0.7.0"
+}
+
+rootProject.name = "tp1"
+include("app")

bac2/os/chap3/Makefile

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 CC = gcc
 CFLAGS = -g -Wall
 
-all: ex1 ex2 ex3 ex4 ex5 ex6 ex7 group
+SRC = ex1 ex2 ex3 ex4 ex5 ex6 ex7 group
+
+all: $(SRC)
 
 group: group.o mergeSort.o
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $+
@@ -15,9 +17,8 @@ group: group.o mergeSort.o
 
 clean:
 	rm -f *.o core.*
-
+	rm -f plot.png
-mrproper: clean
+	rm -f $(SRC) 
-	rm -f ex1
 
 run: group
 	./$<

bac2/os/chap3/group.c

@@ -6,18 +6,19 @@
 
 #define printlist(s, x) printf("%s = [", #x); for (int i = 0; i < s; ++i) { printf("%d, ", x[i]); } printf("\b\b]\n");
 
-#define listSize 10000000
+#define listSize 1000000
 int list[listSize];
 
 int main(void)
 {
+	// liste de nombre aléatoires
 	srand(time(NULL));
 	for (int i = 0; i < listSize; ++i) {
-		list[i] = rand();
+		list[i] = rand()%listSize;
 	}
 	/* printlist(listSize, list); */
 
-	margs_t args = {list, 0, 9};
+	mrg_t args = merge_init(list, listSize);
 	merge_sort(&args);
 	printlist(listSize, list);
 }

bac2/os/chap3/group01-chap3/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+.PHONY: clean, all
+CC = gcc
+CFLAGS = -g -Wall
+
+all: group
+
+%.o: %.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
+
+group: group.o mergeSort.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $+ $(LDFLAGS)
+
+clean:
+	rm -f *.o core.*
+	rm -f group
+
+run: group
+	./$<

bac2/os/chap3/group01-chap3/group.c

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include "mergeSort.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#define printlist(s, x) printf("%s = [", #x); for (int i = 0; i < s; ++i) { printf("%d, ", x[i]); } printf("\b\b]\n");
+
+#define listSize 1000000
+int list[listSize];
+
+int main(void)
+{
+	// liste de nombre aléatoires
+	srand(time(NULL));
+	for (int i = 0; i < listSize; ++i) {
+		list[i] = rand()%listSize;
+	}
+	/* printlist(listSize, list); */
+
+	mrg_t args = merge_init(list, listSize);
+	merge_sort(&args);
+	printlist(listSize, list);
+}

bac2/os/chap3/group01-chap3/mergeSort.c

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#include "mergeSort.h"
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+void* merge_sort(void* args) {
+	mrg_t* f = (mrg_t*) args;
+	if(f->slice.start < f->slice.final) {
+		int middle = (f->slice.start + f->slice.final) / 2;
+
+		mrg_t args1 = {f->array, f->_depth+1, {f->slice.start, middle}};
+		mrg_t args2 = {f->array, f->_depth+1, { middle+1, f->slice.final}};
+
+		if(f->_depth * f->_depth < THREADS){
+			pthread_t t1, t2;
+			assert(!pthread_create(&t1, NULL, merge_sort,  (void*) &args1));
+			assert(!pthread_create(&t2, NULL, merge_sort,  (void*) &args2));
+			assert(!pthread_join(t1, NULL));
+			assert(!pthread_join(t2, NULL));
+		}else{
+			merge_sort((void*) &args1);
+			merge_sort((void*) &args2);
+		}
+		merge(f->array, f->slice.start, middle, f->slice.final);
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+void merge(int array[], uint8_t start, uint8_t middle, uint8_t final) {
+
+	uint8_t countL = middle - start + 1;
+	int *arrayL = malloc(countL * sizeof(int));
+	for(uint8_t currentL = 0; currentL < countL; currentL ++)
+		arrayL[currentL] = array[start + currentL ];
+
+	uint8_t countR = final - middle;
+	int* arrayR = malloc(countR * sizeof(int));
+	for(uint8_t currentR = 0; currentR < countR; currentR ++)
+		arrayR[currentR] = array[middle + 1 + currentR ];
+
+	uint8_t currentL, currentR, current;
+	for(currentL = 0, currentR = 0, current = start;
+		 	current <= final && currentL < countL && currentR < countR;
+		   	current ++) 
+		if(arrayL[currentL] <= arrayR[currentR])
+			array[current] = arrayL[currentL++];
+		else
+			array[current] = arrayR[currentR++];
+
+	while(currentR < countR)
+		array[current++] = arrayR[currentR++];
+	while(currentL < countL)
+		array[current++] = arrayL[currentL++];
+
+	free(arrayL);
+	free(arrayR);
+}

bac2/os/chap3/group01-chap3/mergeSort.h

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#define THREADS 4 
+#define merge_init(array, size) {(array), 0, {1, (size)}}
+
+typedef struct{
+	int start;
+	int final;
+} SLICE;
+
+typedef struct {
+	int* array;
+	int _depth;
+	SLICE slice;
+} mrg_t;
+
+void* merge_sort(void*);
+void merge(int array[], uint8_t start, uint8_t middle, uint8_t final);

bac2/os/chap3/mergeSort.c

@@ -4,42 +4,42 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
 
-#define THREADS
-
-pthread_t threads[THREADS];
-
 void* merge_sort(void* args) {
-	margs_t* f = (margs_t*) args;
+	mrg_t* f = (mrg_t*) args;
-	if(f->start < f->final) {
+	if(f->slice.start < f->slice.final) {
-		pthread_t t1, t2;
+		int middle = (f->slice.start + f->slice.final) / 2;
-		index middle = (f->start + f->final) / 2;
 
-		margs_t args1 = {f->array, f->start, middle};
+		mrg_t args1 = {f->array, f->_depth+1, {f->slice.start, middle}};
-		assert(!pthread_create(&t1, NULL, merge_sort,  (void*) &args1));
+		mrg_t args2 = {f->array, f->_depth+1, { middle+1, f->slice.final}};
-		margs_t args2 = {f->array, middle+1, f->final};
-		assert(!pthread_create(&t2, NULL, merge_sort,  (void*) &args2));
 
-		assert(pthread_join(t1, NULL));
+		if(f->_depth * f->_depth < THREADS){
-		assert(pthread_join(t2, NULL));
+			pthread_t t1, t2;
-		merge(f->array, f->start, middle, f->final);
+			assert(!pthread_create(&t1, NULL, merge_sort,  (void*) &args1));
+			assert(!pthread_create(&t2, NULL, merge_sort,  (void*) &args2));
+			assert(!pthread_join(t1, NULL));
+			assert(!pthread_join(t2, NULL));
+		}else{
+			merge_sort((void*) &args1);
+			merge_sort((void*) &args2);
+		}
+		merge(f->array, f->slice.start, middle, f->slice.final);
 	}
-	int *ret = 0;
+	return NULL;
-	return ret;
 }
 
-void merge(int array[], index start, index middle, index final) {
+void merge(int array[], uint8_t start, uint8_t middle, uint8_t final) {
 
-	length countL = middle - start + 1;
+	uint8_t countL = middle - start + 1;
 	int *arrayL = malloc(countL * sizeof(int));
-	for(index currentL = 0; currentL < countL; currentL ++)
+	for(uint8_t currentL = 0; currentL < countL; currentL ++)
 		arrayL[currentL] = array[start + currentL ];
 
-	length countR = final - middle;
+	uint8_t countR = final - middle;
 	int* arrayR = malloc(countR * sizeof(int));
-	for(index currentR = 0; currentR < countR; currentR ++)
+	for(uint8_t currentR = 0; currentR < countR; currentR ++)
 		arrayR[currentR] = array[middle + 1 + currentR ];
 
-	index currentL, currentR, current;
+	uint8_t currentL, currentR, current;
 	for(currentL = 0, currentR = 0, current = start;
 		 	current <= final && currentL < countL && currentR < countR;
 		   	current ++) 

bac2/os/chap3/mergeSort.h

@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
 #pragma once
 
-typedef unsigned int index;
+#include <pthread.h>
-typedef unsigned int length;
+#include <inttypes.h>
 
-typedef struct merge_args{
+#define THREADS 4 
+#define merge_init(array, size) {(array), 0, {1, (size)}}
+
+typedef struct{
+	int start;
+	int final;
+} SLICE;
+
+typedef struct {
 	int* array;
-	index start;
+	int _depth;
-	index final;
+	SLICE slice;
-} margs_t;
+} mrg_t;
 
-
-void merge(int array[], index start, index middle, index final);
-/* void merge_sort(int array [], index start , index final ); */
 void* merge_sort(void*);
+void merge(int array[], uint8_t start, uint8_t middle, uint8_t final);